Chapter 1 - Punctuation

• A Sentence is a group of words that tells a complete thought.
• A Statement is a sentence that tells something.
• A Sentence always begins with a capital letter and ends with a punctuation mark.
• Punctuation is used to create sense, clarity and stress in sentences.

Example:

Suraj can walk fast.

I am eating an apple.

Punctuation	Symbol	Purpose
Capital Letters	A B	We use capital letters to start a sentence and also it is used after each full stop or period in a sentence.
Full Stop or Period	.	The full stop marks the end of a sentence. It means that there is a long pause in the sentence.
Comma	,	·       Comma is used to break a sentence with a short pause between phrases and clauses ·       It can also be used to separate items in a list. ·       It is used to show a separation of ideas or elements within a sentence. ·       It is also used in letter writing after the salutation and closing.
Question Marks	?	Question marks is used at the end of a sentence which is a direct question.
Exclamation Marks	!	Exclamation marks is used to show that the sentence has some drama in it. i.e. surprise, anger, annoyance

Chapter 2 - Subject and Predicate

• All complete sentence contains two parts – Subject and Predicate
• The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is all about, whereas the predicate tells something about the subject.

Example:

Hari eats an apple daily.

Subject – Hari, Predicate – an apple daily

For determining the subject in a sentence, first find the verb in the sentence and ask a question by placing who or what before the verb. The answer is the subject.

Imperative Sentences

• Imperative sentences give a command or order and differ from normal sentences. In these types of sentences the subject is always you. Example:

Stand on your head.

• The sentences which begins with there plus a form of verb to be, there is not the subject; it means that the subject is following soon.

Example:

There were two stray dogs which were sleeping near the door of our house.

Here the verb is sleeping, so if you ask who or what before the verb, the answer would be two stray dogs. So, two stray dogs are the subject.

Simple Subject and Simple Predicate

• Always the subject includes the noun or pronoun along with all the words that modify it. So, the simple subject is either the noun or pronoun of the sentence. Example:

The light green shirt was his favorite shirt.

The simple subject is shirt as the light green describes about the shirt.

The simple predicate is “was” as it is based on the simple subject and it is the verb. All other words in the sentence tells us more about the subject. Only verb is telling about the predicate.

Compound Subject and Compound Predicate

• A compound subject is when there are two or more nouns in the sentence.

Example:

Naresh and his friends were playing football.

Subject – Naresh and his friends

• A compound predicate includes two or more verbs that relates to the same subject.

Example:

The little boy picked his toy and climbed on the bed.

The verbs picked and climbed relate to the same subject – the little boy. Hence, picked and climbed are compound predicate.

Chapter 3 - Compound Nouns

A noun is a word which is used as a name of a person, place or thing.

Example:

Person

1. Rita rides a bicycle.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Sonu eats an apple.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Place

1. We are going to the zoo today.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. The school is near my house.

Thing

1. The flowers are red.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. There is a lamp on the table.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Compound Nouns:

Rule	Example
Two or more words join together to form a single noun.	Butter + fly - butterfly
Two words written as one (closed form).	softball, toothpaste
Hyphenated words (hyphenated form)	Six-pack, son-in-law
Separate words (open form)	Post office, upper class
A compound noun (Numerical + Noun) is not used in the plural.	Ten-day-tour, A five-rupee note

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 4 - Countable and Uncountable Nouns

A noun is a word which is used as a name of a person, place or thing.

Example:

Person

1. Rita rides a bicycle.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Sonu eats an apple.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Place

1. We are going to the zoo today.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. The school is near my house.

Thing

1. The flowers are red.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. There is a lamp on the table.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Countable Nouns

Rule	Example
Words which can occur both in singular and plural forms.	Bike
Can be modified by numbers	One bike, Seven bike
Can occur with quantifying determiners	Several bikes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Uncountable Nouns

Rule	Example
Words which are not countable, mass nouns, cannot take plural forms.	Clutter, milk, rice, water, air, freedom, intelligence
Uncountable nouns are always used in the singular form only.	He gave me information
Indefinite article ‘A/An’ is not used before them.	You should be true to your words.
Much or some are used in place of many to denote plurality.	Some water, Many baggage

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 5 - Demonstrative Pronouns

A Pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun or nouns.

We use pronouns so that the nouns do not repeat itself again and again.

Demonstrative Pronouns are used for pointing out things.

The words this, that, these and those are demonstrative pronouns.

This is used to talk about people/things which are near to us. These is the plural form of this.

Example:

This is my book.

These are my books.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

That is used to talk about people/things that are far from us. Those is the plural form of that.

Example:

That is a mango tree.

Those are mango trees.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 6 - Adjectives

• An Adjective describes a noun or pronoun. They give us more information about the people, places and things.
• They tell us about the color, size, shape, quality or quantity of the noun or pronoun.

Some adjectives tell us about the size of people or things.

Example:

A long bridge, a fat man

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Some adjectives tell about the color of things.

Example:

A red carpet, a green uniform

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Some adjectives tell what people or things are like by describing their quality.

Examples:

Beautiful lady, sunny day

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Some adjectives tell what things are made of.

Examples:

Steel spoon, silk dress

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 7 - Verbs

A Verb is a doing word. Most Verbs describe actions. They tell us what people or things are doing.

Example:

Ram tells a story.

The cat jumped over the fence.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Verbs – to be

Some verbs do not show action. The words is, am and are also verbs but they are not action words.

Example:

1. Always use am with I.

I am going to the movie.

I am an engineer.

2. Always use is with he, she and it.

He is drinking milk.

She is playing in the ground.

It is a globe.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3. Always use are with we, you and they.

We are going to the movie.

You are watching cricket.

They are running on road.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Verbs – Has, Have and Had

1. Always use has with singular nouns.

Example:

A rabbit has long ears.

Shivam has a new bicycle.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Always use have with plural nouns and the pronoun I and you.

Example:

Dogs have sensitive nose

You have to buy new books.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3. Had is used to show the past tense.

Example:

I had fever last night.

The children had fun in the party.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Verbs – do, does, did

Do or does is used to show that the action which is carried out or finished in the present.

1. Always use does with he, she or it.

   Always use does with a singular noun.

Example:

He does play guitar.

Neeta does not like pineapple.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Always use do with I, you, we or they.

    Always use do with a plural noun.

Example:

I do my homework everyday.

Cats do climb trees.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Did is used to show that the action which was carried out or finished in the past.

1. Always use did with I, you, we, they.

  Always use did with both singular and plural nouns.

Example:

I did the cleaning yesterday.

They boys did the painting last week.

Verbs – Present Participle

Present participles are doing words which end in -ing. This means that the action is happening right now or continuously.

Example:

The cat is drinking milk.

The stars are shining in the night.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 8 - Tenses

Expressing our ideas in terms of time is called tense.

Types of tenses:

There are three types of tenses: Present Tense, Past Tense, Future Tense

Present Tense

Simple Present Tense

Rule	Formula	Example
Used to express daily habits, daily routine and universal truths. In this tense, the first form of verb is used	Subject + V1(First Form of Verb)	I (Subject) eat (first form of verb) an apple daily. We eat apples daily.

Past Tense

Simple Past Tense

Rule	Formula	Example
Used to express an action which is over or completed at some point of time in the past. In this tense, the second form of verb is used	Subject + V2 (Second form of verb)	I (Subject) + ate (second form of verb) an apple yesterday. We ate apples yesterday.

Future Tense

Simple Future Tense

Rule	Formula	Example
Used to express an intention or the things which we are going to do. In this tense, the first form of verb is used.	Subject + Aux (Auxiliary form of verb) + V1 (First form of verb)	I (Subject) + will (Auxiliary Form of Verb) + eat (first form of verb) an apple tomorrow. We will eat apples tomorrow.

NOTE: Use of “shall” for “I” and “We” – First person singular and plural. However, in interrogative sentences (sentences that are like questions) “shall” has to be used with “I and We” instead of “will”.

Chapter 9 - Articles

Article are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific.

There are three articles:  a, an, the

Example

After the long day, the cup of tea tasted particularly good.

By using the article “the” we have shown that it was one specific day that was long and one specific day that was tasted good.

After a long day, a cup of tea tastes particularly good.

By using the article “a” we have created a general statement, implying that any cup of tea would taste good after any long day.

There are two types of articles

Definite and Indefinite

The Definite Article

• The definite article is the word “the”.
• It limits the meaning of a noun to one particular thing.
• “the” is used when we read again about the same noun.
• For example, your friend might ask, “Are you going to the party this weekend?”. The Definite article tells you that your friend is referring to a specific party that both of you know about.
• The Definite article can be used with singular, plural or uncountable nouns.
• “the” is used with the names of:
  • Rivers, for example, the Ganges
  • Mountain ranges, for example, the Himalayas
  • Newspapers, for example, the Times
  • Hotels, for example, the Ashoka Hotel.
  • Monuments, for example, the Taj Mahal
  • Museums, for example, the Dolls museum
  • Holy books, for example, the Ramayana
  • Things one of their kind, for example, the sun

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Examples

• Please give me the hammer.
• Please give me the red hammer; the blue one is too small.

The Indefinite Article

• The indefinite article takes two forms. It’s the word “a” when it precedes a word that begins with a consonant.
• It’s the word “an” when it precedes a word that begins with a vowel.
• The indefinite article indicates that a noun refers to a general idea rather than a particular thing.
• For example, you might ask a friend, “Should I bring a gift to the party?”. Your friend will understand that you are not asking about a specific type of gift or a specific item.
• For example, your friend tells you, “I am going to bring an apple pie”. Again, the indefinite article indicates that he is not talking about a specific apple pie. Your friend does not have an apple pie yet.
• “a” and “an” are put in front of a singular countable noun.

Examples

• Please hand me a book; any book will do it.
• Please hand me an autobiography; any autobiography will do.

Chapter 10 - Prepositions

Prepositions of Time

Basic examples of time prepositions include: at, on, in, before and after. They are used to help indicate when something happened, happens or will happen.

Prepositions of time examples in the following sentences are in bold.

• I was born on July 4th, 1982.
• I was born in 1982.
• I was born at exactly 2am.
• I was born two minutes before my twin brother.
• I was born after the Great War ended.

There is a set of rules that can help decide which preposition to use:

For years, months, seasons, centuries and times of day, use the preposition in:

• I first met John in 1987.
• It’s always cold in January.

For days, dates and specific holiday days, use the preposition on.

• We go to school on Mondays, but not on Sunday
• Christmas is on December 25th.

For times, indicators of exception and festivals, use the preposition at:

• Families often argue at Christmas time.
• I work faster at night.

Before and after are used to explain when something happened, happens or will happen, but specifically in relation to another thing.

• I used to go straight home after work.
• We will not leave before 3pm.

Prepositions of Place

The most common prepositions to indicate time – on, at, in – are also the most common prepositions to indicate position.

However, there are some rules for place prepositions also.

Prepositions of place examples in the following sentences are in bold

• The cat is on the table.
• The dogs are in the kennel.

On is used when referring to something with a surface:

• The sculpture hangs on the wall.
• The images are on the page.

In is used when referring to something that is inside or within confined boundaries. This could be anything, even a country:

• Jim is in France, visiting his aunt in the hospital.
• The whiskey is in the jar in the fridge.

At is used when referring to something at a specific point:

• The boys are at the entrance at the movie theatre.
• He stood at the bus stop at the corner of Water and High streets.

Lots of other prepositions of place such as under, over, inside, outside, above and below are used. These prepositions refer the exact position of the noun or the pronoun.

• The cat is under the table.
• Put the sandwich over there.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 11 - Conjunctions - and, or, but

Conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences.

Example:

• I play tennis and I swim.
• You can go to the cinema, or you can visit your aunt.
• Ana loves oranges, but she hates pears.

And:

and is used to add items to a list.

With a long list we use commas and we put and before the last item:

Example:

• She bought apples and oranges.
• He studies Maths, English, and Arts.

Or:

or is used to talk about options.

Example:

• You can have the black pen or the blue pen.
• We can have a holiday, or we can save our money.

But:

but is used to show contrast.

Example:

• I speak French but I have never been to France.
• I would like to go to the United States, but I don’t have any money.